Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Pathophysiology and Management

Question 1

Which of the following is a characteristic of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in CKD Stage 3?

Accepted Answer

GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m²

Answer

GFR > 60 mL/min/1.73 m²

Answer

GFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m²

Answer

GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m²

Question 2

What is the main function of erythropoietin in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates red blood cell production

Answer

Regulates water reabsorption

Answer

Balances electrolyte levels

Answer

Filters toxins from the blood

Question 3

What is the primary purpose of dietary phosphorus restriction in CKD management?

Accepted Answer

To prevent hyperphosphatemia

Answer

To reduce protein intake

Answer

To increase calcium absorption

Answer

To enhance erythropoietin production

Question 4

Primary hypertension is a major risk factor for developing CKD. Which of the following mechanisms explains this association?

Accepted Answer

Sustained elevation in glomerular pressure leading to glomerular damage

Answer

Vasodilation of the renal vessels

Answer

Increased production of renin

Answer

Decreased renal blood flow

Question 5

Which of the following dietary modifications is recommended for patients with CKD to manage hyperphosphatemia?

Accepted Answer

Decreasing phosphate intake

Answer

Increasing calcium intake

Answer

Restricting sodium intake

Answer

Reducing protein intake

Question 6

Which of the following complications is associated with CKD and can lead to cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Anemia

Answer

Hypothyroidism

Answer

Osteoporosis

Question 7

Which of the following medications is commonly used to treat anemia in patients with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Answer

Aspirin

Answer

Warfarin

Answer

Metformin

Question 8

Primary damage to which of the following structures is the leading cause of CKD worldwide?

Accepted Answer

Glomeruli

Answer

Nephrons

Answer

Tubules

Answer

Collecting ducts

Question 9

What is the term for the accumulation of waste products in the blood due to impaired kidney function?

Accepted Answer

Uremia

Answer

Anemia

Answer

Hyperkalemia

Answer

Acidosis

Question 10

Which of the following is a common **complication** of CKD that affects red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Anemia

Answer

Thrombocytopenia

Answer

Leukopenia

Answer

Pancytopenia

Question 11

Which of the following is a dietary modification recommended for patients with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Restricting potassium intake

Answer

Increasing sodium intake

Answer

Maintaining a high protein diet

Answer

Consuming large amounts of fluids

Question 12

What is the term for a surgical procedure that creates an artificial opening between an artery and a vein, allowing for blood to be dialyzed outside the body?

Accepted Answer

Hemodialysis fistula

Answer

Peritoneal dialysis catheter

Answer

Nephrectomy

Answer

Kidney transplant

Question 13

What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Filtration of blood

Answer

Reabsorption of sodium

Answer

Secretion of potassium

Answer

Concentration of urine

Question 14

Which of the following is the primary function of the kidneys in blood pressure regulation?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of renin and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer

Erythropoietin secretion

Answer

Vitamin D synthesis

Answer

Gluconeogenesis

Question 15

Which stage of CKD is characterized by a GFR of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m2?

Accepted Answer

Stage 5

Answer

Stage 1

Answer

Stage 3

Answer

Stage 4

Question 16

Which of the following electrolyte disturbances is commonly associated with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Hyperkalemia

Answer

Hypocalcemia

Answer

Hyponatremia

Answer

Hypomagnesemia

Question 17

Which of the following interventions is recommended as a first-line treatment for CKD-related hypertension?

Accepted Answer

ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)

Answer

Beta-blockers

Answer

Calcium channel blockers

Answer

Diuretics

Question 18

Which of the following dietary recommendations is appropriate for patients with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Low-sodium diet

Answer

High-protein diet

Answer

Unrestricted fluid intake

Answer

High-potassium diet

Question 19

Which CKD stage is characterized by a Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) below 15 mL/min/1.73 m²?

Accepted Answer

Stage 5

Answer

Stage 1

Answer

Stage 3

Answer

Stage 4

Question 20

How does CKD contribute primarily to the development of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Increased sodium retention

Answer

Decreased renin production

Answer

Reduced conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Answer

Elevated aldosterone levels

Question 21

Which treatment option is considered the most definitive for end-stage CKD?

Accepted Answer

Kidney transplantation

Answer

Lifestyle modifications

Answer

Medications

Answer

Dialysis

Question 22

What is the kidneys' primary role in maintaining fluid balance?

Accepted Answer

Filtering excess water and electrolytes

Answer

Regulating blood pH

Answer

Producing hormones

Answer

Synthesizing proteins

Question 23

Which stage of CKD is characterized by an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m²?

Accepted Answer

Stage 5

Answer

Stage 1

Answer

Stage 3b

Answer

Stage 4

Question 24

A patient with CKD presents with symptoms of fatigue, shortness of breath, and edema. Which intervention is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Administer diuretics

Answer

Initiate dialysis

Answer

Restrict fluid intake

Answer

Adjust antihypertensives

Question 25

Which type of dialysis is most commonly used for patients with CKD who require long-term treatment?

Accepted Answer

Hemodialysis

Answer

Peritoneal dialysis

Answer

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

Answer

Automated peritoneal dialysis (APD)

Question 26

Which of the following is the primary responsibility of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine

Answer

Produce hormones

Question 27

As CKD advances, which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Hyperkalemia

Answer

Hypocalcemia

Question 28

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) primarily measures:

Accepted Answer

Kidney function

Question 29

Which hormone is produced by the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Answer

Insulin

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?

Accepted Answer

Parkinson's disease

Answer

Cardiovascular disease

Answer

Anemia

Answer

Bone disease

Question 31

How does activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contribute to the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Accepted Answer

RAAS activation promotes inflammation and fibrosis in the kidneys, contributing to CKD progression.

Answer

RAAS activation causes vasodilation, leading to decreased blood pressure and increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Answer

RAAS activation stimulates erythropoietin production, which promotes red blood cell production.

Answer

RAAS activation has no significant impact on the development or progression of CKD.

Question 32

In Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), how does the immune system become affected, and what are the implications for patient care?

Accepted Answer

CKD suppresses the immune response, increasing the risk of infections and other complications.

Answer

CKD enhances the immune response, leading to increased resistance to infections.

Answer

CKD has no significant effect on the immune response.

Answer

CKD enhances antibody production, providing increased protection against infections.

Question 33

Which kidney disease is known for showing crescent shapes on a biopsy and can quickly lead to kidney failure?

Accepted Answer

Crescentic glomerulonephritis

Answer

Minimal change disease

Answer

Membranous nephropathy

Answer

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Question 34

What is a defining characteristic of the pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Accepted Answer

Progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Answer

Sudden loss of kidney function within a short time frame

Answer

Complete recovery of kidney function with proper treatment

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a recognized risk factor for developing Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Accepted Answer

Regular physical activity

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Obesity

Question 36

What is the term for the progressive loss of kidney function over time?

Accepted Answer

Renal impairment

Answer

Nephritis

Answer

Uremia

Answer

Dialysis

Question 37

Which stage of CKD is characterized by irreversible loss of kidney function requiring dialysis or transplantation?

Accepted Answer

Stage 5

Answer

Stage 1

Answer

Stage 3

Answer

Stage 2

Question 38

What is the main role of the kidneys in regulating blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of renin

Answer

Reabsorption of sodium

Answer

Filtration of blood

Answer

Production of urine

Question 39

The primary mechanism by which the kidneys maintain fluid balance is through:

Accepted Answer

Reabsorption of water and electrolytes

Answer

Filtration of electrolytes

Answer

Secretion of waste products

Answer

Regulation of blood volume

Question 40

Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms is NOT involved in the progression of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Accepted Answer

Nephron hyperplasia

Answer

Inflammation

Answer

Fibrosis

Answer

Glomerulosclerosis

Question 41

What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

To filter waste products and excess fluid from the blood

Answer

To reabsorb essential nutrients back into the bloodstream

Answer

To secrete hormones that regulate blood pressure

Answer

To control the production of urine

Question 42

What is the most common complication of CKD?

Accepted Answer

Cardiovascular disease

Answer

Anemia

Answer

Electrolyte imbalances

Answer

Bone disease

Question 43

What is the role of erythropoietin in patients with CKD?

Accepted Answer

To stimulate red blood cell production

Answer

To regulate blood pressure

Answer

To reduce inflammation

Answer

To enhance kidney function

Question 44

What is the purpose of peritoneal dialysis in CKD patients?

Accepted Answer

To remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood

Answer

To improve kidney function

Answer

To prevent infection

Answer

To manage hypertension

Question 45

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with an increased risk of CKD progression?

Accepted Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Poorly controlled hypertension

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Obesity

Question 46

What is the best indicator of CKD severity?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Answer

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels

Answer

Creatinine levels

Answer

Proteinuria

Question 47

In which stage of CKD is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 15 mL/min/1.73m^2?

Accepted Answer

Stage 5

Answer

Stage 1

Answer

Stage 2

Answer

Stage 4

Question 48

What is a consequence of decreased renal erythropoietin production in CKD?

Accepted Answer

Anemia

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Edema

Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 49

Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly observed in CKD and can lead to cardiac arrhythmias?

Accepted Answer

Hyperkalemia

Answer

Hypokalemia

Answer

Hypernatremia

Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a recognized risk factor for the development of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Accepted Answer

Regular physical exercise

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Smoking

Question 51

Which stage of CKD is defined by a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m²?

Accepted Answer

Stage 5

Answer

Stage 1

Answer

Stage 2

Answer

Stage 3

Question 52

What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Filtration of blood to remove waste products

Answer

Secretion of hormones

Answer

Reabsorption of glucose

Answer

Excretion of waste products

Question 53

What is the primary role of the proximal tubule in the kidneys of patients with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Reabsorption of glucose and amino acids

Answer

Secretion of hydrogen ions

Answer

Filtration of waste products

Answer

Production of hormones

Question 54

Which of the following is a primary function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance

Answer

Production of red blood cells

Answer

Digestion of food

Answer

Storage of glucose

Question 55

What is the primary role of erythropoietin in CKD?

Accepted Answer

Stimulation of red blood cell production to combat anemia

Answer

Regulation of blood pressure

Answer

Maintenance of bone health

Answer

Activation of the immune system

Question 56

Which of the following dietary modifications is recommended for patients with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Low-sodium and low-phosphorus diet

Answer

High-protein diet

Answer

Increase fluid intake

Answer

Low-potassium diet

Question 57

What is the preferred method of renal replacement therapy for end-stage renal disease?

Accepted Answer

Kidney transplant

Answer

Hemodialysis

Answer

Peritoneal dialysis

Answer

Conservative management

Question 58

What is the primary nursing intervention for a patient with fluid overload in CKD?

Accepted Answer

Restriction of fluid intake and administration of diuretics as prescribed

Answer

Administration of diuretics only

Answer

Ultrafiltration only

Answer

Sodium restriction only

Question 59

Which of the following is the primary function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine

Answer

Regulating blood volume and electrolytes

Answer

Producing hormones

Answer

Storing urine

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for developing CKD?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Obesity

Question 61

In the United States, what is the leading cause of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Glomerulonephritis

Answer

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Question 62

Which renal biopsy technique involves extracting a larger tissue sample from the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Open biopsy

Answer

Needle biopsy

Answer

Punch biopsy

Answer

Laparoscopic biopsy

Question 63

The most prevalent post-kidney transplant complication is:

Accepted Answer

Rejection

Answer

Infection

Answer

Hemorrhage

Answer

Anemia

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a major stage of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Accepted Answer

Stage 6

Answer

Stage 1

Answer

Stage 2

Answer

Stage 5