Microbial Diseases: Epidemiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a mode of microbial transmission?

Accepted Answer

Genetic inheritance

Answer

Airborne

Answer

Contact

Answer

Vehicle-borne

Question 2

Which antibiotic is most effective against Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gentamicin

Answer

Penicillin

Answer

Vancomycin

Answer

Erythromycin

Question 3

What is the primary mode of transmission for the influenza virus?

Accepted Answer

Airborne droplets

Answer

Fecal-oral route

Answer

Direct contact

Answer

Vector-borne transmission

Question 4

A patient presents with fever, headache, and stiff neck. Gram staining of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals Gram-negative diplococci. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae

Answer

Encephalitis caused by herpes simplex virus

Answer

Lyme disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi

Answer

Sepsis caused by Staphylococcus aureus

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Accepted Answer

Exotoxins

Answer

Polysaccharide capsule

Answer

Pneumococcal surface protein A

Answer

Lipoteichoic acid

Question 6

The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method is primarily used for:

Accepted Answer

Determining antimicrobial susceptibility

Answer

Identifying causative agents of infection

Answer

Measuring bacterial growth rate

Answer

Detecting bacterial toxins

Question 7

Which of the following is a Gram-positive bacterium that forms endospores?

Accepted Answer

Bacillus subtilis

Answer

Clostridium difficile

Answer

Escherichia coli

Answer

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 8

What is the primary reservoir for human tuberculosis?

Accepted Answer

Humans

Answer

Cattle

Answer

Dogs

Answer

Birds

Question 9

Which vector is primarily responsible for transmitting the neurotropic flavivirus, Zika virus?

Accepted Answer

Mosquitoes

Answer

Ticks

Answer

Contact with infected bodily fluids

Question 10

Which clinical manifestation is commonly associated with candidiasis?

Accepted Answer

Skin rash

Answer

Pneumonia

Answer

Fever

Answer

Diarrhea

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a recognized mode of transmission for microbial diseases?

Accepted Answer

Psychic transmission

Answer

Contact transmission

Answer

Airborne transmission

Answer

Waterborne transmission

Question 12

Which microorganism is the causative agent of tuberculosis?

Accepted Answer

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer

Haemophilus influenzae

Answer

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 13

Which mechanism primarily underlies the action of azole antifungal agents?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of ergosterol synthesis

Answer

Inhibition of DNA synthesis

Answer

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Answer

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Question 14

What is the first-line antibiotic treatment for bacterial meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Accepted Answer

Ceftriaxone

Answer

Vancomycin

Answer

Ampicillin

Answer

Fluconazole

Question 15

Which of the following is a common symptom of viral gastroenteritis?

Accepted Answer

Nausea and vomiting

Answer

Fever and chills

Answer

Cough and congestion

Answer

Skin rash

Question 16

Which isolation precaution is recommended for a patient with suspected measles?

Accepted Answer

Airborne isolation

Answer

Contact isolation

Answer

Droplet isolation

Answer

Reverse isolation

Question 17

What is the primary mechanism of action of antiviral medications?

Accepted Answer

Inhibiting viral replication

Answer

Preventing viral attachment to host cells

Answer

Destroying viral particles directly

Answer

Stimulating the immune response

Question 18

Which of these transmission modes is NOT applicable to microbial diseases?

Accepted Answer

Genetic inheritance from parents

Answer

Contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects

Answer

Inhalation of airborne pathogens

Answer

Ingestion of contaminated food or water

Question 19

The term "incubation period" in microbial diseases refers to the time interval between:

Accepted Answer

Exposure to the pathogen and the appearance of symptoms

Answer

Symptom onset and complete recovery

Answer

Initial infection and subsequent reinfection

Answer

Recovery and the development of permanent immunity

Question 20

Antibiotics are primarily effective against:

Accepted Answer

Bacteria

Answer

Viruses

Answer

Fungal infections

Answer

Protozoan parasites

Question 21

The most effective approach to prevent the transmission of airborne diseases involves:

Accepted Answer

Respiratory hygiene measures, such as covering coughs and sneezes

Answer

Frequent hand washing and hygiene

Answer

Use of contact isolation precautions

Answer

Administration of antiviral medications

Question 22

Which of the following is a crucial component of the innate immune system?

Accepted Answer

Complement system

Answer

Antibodies

Answer

T cells

Answer

B cells

Question 23

For a patient presenting with symptoms of meningitis, which diagnostic test is most likely to confirm the diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Lumbar puncture

Answer

Chest X-ray

Answer

Blood culture

Answer

Sputum culture

Question 24

Which of the following factors is NOT a risk factor for developing a healthcare-associated infection?

Accepted Answer

Regular physical exercise

Answer

Recent surgery

Answer

Weakened immune system

Answer

Prolonged hospital stay

Question 25

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of viral diseases?

Accepted Answer

They require a living host cell to replicate

Answer

They are caused by eukaryotic cells

Answer

They are not transmissible

Answer

They can be treated with antibiotics