Viral Pathogenesis: Understanding How Viruses Cause Disease

Question 1

In the viral replication cycle, which step entails the synthesis of viral components, including the copying of the viral genome and the assembly of new viral particles?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Answer

Attachment

Answer

Entry

Answer

Release

Question 2

Which step in the viral replication cycle is frequently targeted by antiviral medications?

Accepted Answer

Replication of the viral genome

Answer

Attachment to the host cell

Answer

Uncoating of the viral genome

Answer

Assembly of new virions

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by viruses to avoid detection or neutralization by the host immune system?

Accepted Answer

Activation of cellular immunity

Answer

Antigenic variation

Answer

Downregulation of MHC-I molecules

Answer

Latency

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an immune evasion strategy employed by viruses?

Accepted Answer

Enhanced immune response

Answer

Antigenic variation

Answer

Molecular mimicry

Answer

Latency

Question 5

What type of viral infection is characterized by persistent, long-term presence of the virus in the host, often without causing active disease?

Accepted Answer

Latent infection

Answer

Acute infection

Answer

Chronic infection

Answer

Exogenous infection

Question 6

What is the term for the ability of viruses to infect and replicate in multiple types of host cells?

Accepted Answer

Host range

Answer

Tropism

Answer

Antigenicity

Answer

Pathogenicity

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic virus?

Accepted Answer

Rabies virus

Answer

Influenza virus

Answer

Hepatitis B virus

Answer

Poliovirus

Question 8

Which step is NOT involved in the viral replication cycle?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Answer

Attachment

Answer

Penetration

Answer

Assembly

Question 9

Identify the primary target cell type for the influenza virus.

Accepted Answer

Epithelial cells

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

T lymphocytes

Question 10

What is the primary function of the viral spike protein?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to host cells

Answer

Genome replication

Answer

Immune evasion

Answer

Assembly

Question 11

What is the key difference between a lytic and a lysogenic viral infection?

Accepted Answer

Lytic infections lead to cell destruction, while lysogenic infections do not

Answer

Lysogenic infections lead to cell destruction, while lytic infections do not

Answer

Lytic infections occur in bacteria, while lysogenic infections occur in eukaryotes

Answer

There is no distinction between lytic and lysogenic infections

Question 12

Which component is NOT found in the structure of a virus?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Answer

Capsid

Answer

Envelope

Answer

Genetic material

Question 13

What is the process by which viruses produce copies of their genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Translation

Answer

Transcription and translation

Question 14

Which type of cell is primarily targeted by HIV?

Accepted Answer

T cells

Answer

B cells

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Neutrophils

Question 15

Differentiate between lytic and lysogenic viral infections:

Accepted Answer

Lytic infections result in cell destruction, while lysogenic infections do not.

Answer

Lysogenic infections result in cell destruction, while lytic infections do not.

Answer

Lytic infections are caused by DNA viruses, while lysogenic infections are caused by RNA viruses.

Answer

Lysogenic infections are caused by DNA viruses, while lytic infections are caused by RNA viruses.

Question 16

What is the primary function of viral glycoproteins in viral pathogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Mediate attachment of the virus to host cells

Answer

Suppress the host's immune response

Answer

Involved in viral replication within the host cell

Answer

Have no significant role in viral pathogenesis

Question 17

What type of viral envelope glycoprotein enables viruses to attach to specific host cell receptors?

Accepted Answer

Hemagglutinin

Answer

Neuraminidase

Answer

Matrix protein

Answer

Nucleocapsid protein

Question 18

Which immune evasion strategy allows viruses to avoid detection by antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Molecular mimicry

Answer

Antigenic drift

Answer

Antigenic shift

Answer

Immune suppression

Question 19

In viral pathogenesis research, which concept represents a major shift in perspective?

Accepted Answer

Recognition of the role of host factors in viral replication

Answer

Development of highly effective antiviral therapies

Answer

Characterization of viral genomes

Answer

Use of animal models to study viral infections

Question 20

Which of the following is not a fundamental characteristic of all viruses?

Accepted Answer

Ability to cause chronic infections

Answer

Obligate intracellular parasites

Answer

Possession of a capsid

Answer

Requirement of a host cell for replication

Question 21

What is the primary function of viral attachment proteins?

Accepted Answer

Facilitate binding to host cell receptors

Answer

Replicate viral genome

Answer

Evade host immune response

Answer

Assemble new virions

Question 22

Which type of viral genome is most common and consists of a single strand of RNA?

Accepted Answer

Single-stranded RNA

Answer

Double-stranded DNA

Answer

Double-stranded RNA

Answer

Single-stranded DNA

Question 23

What is the name of the process by which viruses synthesize new copies of their genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Translation

Answer

Transduction

Question 24

Which of the following is a common mode of transmission for respiratory viruses?

Accepted Answer

Airborne droplets

Answer

Contact with contaminated surfaces

Answer

Arthropod vectors

Answer

Blood transfusions

Question 25

During the viral replication cycle, which stage involves the duplication of the viral genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Answer

Attachment

Answer

Entry

Answer

Release

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a typical stage of the viral replication cycle?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Answer

Replication

Answer

Attachment

Answer

Assembly

Question 27

What is the primary function of the viral envelope?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to host cells and immune evasion

Answer

Genome replication

Answer

Translation of proteins

Answer

Providing structural stability

Question 28

What is the role of reverse transcriptase in the replication of retroviruses?

Accepted Answer

Converts RNA genome into DNA

Answer

Transcribes DNA genome into mRNA

Answer

Translates mRNA into proteins

Answer

Replicates the viral RNA genome

Question 29

What is the primary mode of transmission for the influenza virus?

Accepted Answer

Airborne droplets

Answer

Contact with contaminated water

Answer

Fecal-oral route

Answer

Direct contact with infected animals

Question 30

Which of the following antiviral therapies targets viral attachment?

Accepted Answer

Monoclonal antibodies

Answer

Protease inhibitors

Answer

Interferon

Answer

Acyclovir

Question 31

What is the most effective way to prevent viral infections?

Accepted Answer

Vaccination

Answer

Antiviral medications

Answer

Wearing face masks

Answer

Frequent hand washing

Question 32

Which of the following is a characteristic of emerging viral diseases?

Accepted Answer

Novel or previously unknown

Answer

Low mortality rate

Answer

Slow rate of transmission

Answer

High prevalence in vaccinated populations

Question 33

The primary goal of viral pathogenesis research is to:

Accepted Answer

Develop novel treatments and vaccines to combat viral infections

Answer

Classify viruses based on their genetic makeup

Answer

Monitor the spread of viral infections

Answer

Pinpoint the origins of viral outbreaks

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which viruses induce disease?

Accepted Answer

Stimulation of the immune system

Answer

Damage to host cells

Answer

Viral replication

Answer

Evasion of the immune system

Question 35

The primary site of viral replication for influenza viruses is the:

Accepted Answer

Respiratory tract

Answer

Gastrointestinal tract

Answer

Central nervous system

Answer

Skin

Question 36

A common immune evasion strategy employed by viruses is:

Accepted Answer

Antigenic variation

Answer

Activation of natural killer cells

Answer

Enhanced antibody production

Question 37

The primary mode of transmission for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is:

Accepted Answer

Sexual contact

Answer

Waterborne transmission

Answer

Animal bites

Answer

Airborne transmission

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a type of antiviral therapy?

Accepted Answer

Anti-inflammatory medications

Answer

Nucleoside analogs

Answer

Monoclonal antibodies

Answer

Protease inhibitors

Question 39

The primary mechanism of action of nucleoside analogs is:

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of viral DNA polymerase

Answer

Blockage of viral entry

Answer

Prevention of viral attachment

Answer

Stimulation of the immune system

Question 40

A common symptom of viral encephalitis is:

Accepted Answer

Altered mental status

Answer

Runny nose

Answer

Skin rash

Answer

Muscle aches

Question 41

The glycoprotein on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that binds to host cells is called the:

Accepted Answer

Spike protein

Answer

Hemagglutinin

Answer

Envelope protein

Answer

Neuraminidase

Question 42

At which stage in the viral life cycle does uncoating of the viral genome occur?

Accepted Answer

Entry

Answer

Replication

Answer

Release

Answer

Maturation

Question 43

Positive-sense RNA viruses have genetic material that can be:

Accepted Answer

Immediately translated into viral proteins

Answer

Used directly to assemble new virions

Answer

Converted into double-stranded DNA

Answer

Injected into host cells for replication

Question 44

Influenza viruses utilize the hemagglutinin protein primarily for:

Accepted Answer

Binding to host cell receptors

Answer

Releasing viral particles

Answer

Cleaving viral proteins

Answer

Replicating viral RNA

Question 45

A defining characteristic of enveloped viruses is the presence of:

Accepted Answer

A lipid bilayer membrane

Answer

Single-stranded DNA

Answer

An absent capsid

Answer

Host-derived proteins

Question 46

Enveloped viruses commonly employ which mechanism for release from infected cells?

Accepted Answer

Budding

Answer

Transduction

Answer

Exocytosis

Answer

Binary fission

Question 47

Antiviral drug development focuses primarily on targeting:

Accepted Answer

Viral-specific processes

Answer

Bacterial infections

Answer

Host cell functions

Answer

Fungal infections

Question 48

Lysogenic viral latency is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Integration of viral DNA into the host cell genome

Answer

Continuous production of new viral particles

Answer

Rapid destruction of host cells

Question 49

Emerging viral diseases often originate from:

Accepted Answer

Animals

Answer

Bacterial mutations

Answer

Environmental contamination

Answer

Antibiotic overuse

Question 50

Which of the following is a key distinction between lytic and lysogenic viral infections?

Accepted Answer

Lytic infections result in host cell lysis, whereas lysogenic infections integrate the viral genome into the host cell's DNA.

Answer

Lytic infections are common in eukaryotes, while lysogenic infections are common in prokaryotes.

Answer

Lytic infections involve viral replication in the nucleus, while lysogenic infections involve viral replication in the cytoplasm.

Question 51

What is the process by which viruses release new viral particles from the host cell?

Accepted Answer

Budding

Answer

Translation

Answer

Cleavage

Answer

Assembly

Question 52

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the replication of viral RNA genomes?

Accepted Answer

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Answer

Transcriptase

Answer

DNA polymerase

Answer

Reverse transcriptase

Question 53

Which of the following mechanisms allows viruses to establish latency?

Accepted Answer

Integration of viral genome into host cell genome

Answer

Budding

Answer

Membrane fusion

Answer

Antigenic variation

Question 54

What is the term for a virus capable of infecting and replicating in multiple host species?

Accepted Answer

Broad-host-range virus

Answer

Zoonotic virus

Answer

Narrow-host-range virus

Answer

Host-specific virus

Question 55

Which class of antiviral drugs targets the viral attachment and entry process?

Accepted Answer

Entry inhibitors

Answer

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Answer

Integrase inhibitors

Answer

Neuraminidase inhibitors

Question 56

What is the term used to describe an individual who harbors and transmits a virus without exhibiting symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Carrier

Answer

Reservoir

Answer

Host

Answer

Transmitter