Nephrolithiasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Question 1

The most prevalent type of kidney stone in the United States is composed of:

Accepted Answer

Calcium oxalate

Answer

Calcium phosphate

Answer

Uric acid

Answer

Struvite

Question 2

Select the symptom commonly associated with nephrolithiasis:

Accepted Answer

Severe flank pain

Answer

Dysuria

Answer

Polyuria

Answer

Oliguria

Question 3

Which medication is frequently used to prevent the formation of calcium-containing kidney stones?

Accepted Answer

Potassium citrate

Answer

Thiazide diuretics

Answer

Allopurinol

Answer

Acetaminophen

Question 4

A patient with uric acid kidney stones is likely to benefit from:

Accepted Answer

Dietary modification to reduce purine intake

Answer

Oral administration of thiazide diuretics

Answer

Intravenous administration of calcium citrate

Answer

Supplementation with vitamin D

Question 5

The most common surgical intervention for large or obstructing kidney stones is:

Accepted Answer

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

Answer

Ureteroscopy

Answer

Open surgery

Answer

Laser lithotripsy

Question 6

Which symptom is a hallmark of nephrolithiasis, causing intense and intermittent pain that frequently radiates to the groin or lower abdomen?

Accepted Answer

Flank pain

Answer

Hematuria

Answer

Urinary urgency

Answer

Pyuria

Question 7

Which type of kidney stone is the most prevalent?

Accepted Answer

Calcium oxalate stones

Answer

Uric acid stones

Answer

Struvite stones

Answer

Cystine stones

Question 8

Uric acid stones are composed primarily of:

Accepted Answer

Uric acid

Answer

Calcium oxalate

Answer

Magnesium ammonium phosphate

Answer

Calcium phosphate

Question 9

Explain the metabolic pathway that leads to the formation of uric acid stones. Focus on the role of impaired purine metabolism and the factors that contribute to uric acid supersaturation in urine.

Accepted Answer

Uric acid stones primarily form due to impaired purine metabolism, resulting in excessive uric acid production.

Answer

Uric acid stones form due to increased uric acid excretion by the kidneys, leading to its supersaturation in urine.

Answer

Uric acid stones form when urine pH decreases, causing uric acid precipitation.

Answer

Uric acid stones form when urine volume decreases, leading to increased uric acid concentration.

Question 10

In the context of nephrolithiasis, which complication requires immediate medical attention?

Accepted Answer

Complete urinary tract obstruction

Answer

Renal colic

Answer

Urinary tract infection

Question 11

Which dietary modifications are recommended for preventing and managing nephrolithiasis?

Accepted Answer

Maintain adequate fluid intake by drinking at least 12 cups of fluid per day.

Accepted Answer

Limit sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg per day.

Accepted Answer

Reduce consumption of animal protein.

Answer

Avoid calcium-rich foods.

Question 12

Identify the primary risk factor for developing calcium oxalate kidney stones.

Accepted Answer

Elevated calcium excretion

Answer

Adequate fluid intake

Answer

High sodium consumption

Answer

Increased uric acid excretion

Question 13

Which type of kidney stone is most prevalent?

Accepted Answer

Calcium oxalate stones

Answer

Uric acid stones

Answer

Struvite stones

Question 14

Select the characteristic clinical manifestation of nephrolithiasis:

Accepted Answer

Flank pain

Answer

Nausea and vomiting

Answer

Impaired vision

Answer

Constipation

Question 15

In the diagnostic evaluation of nephrolithiasis, which imaging technique is preferred?

Accepted Answer

Non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT)

Answer

Intravenous pyelography (IVP)

Answer

Ultrasound

Question 16

Identify a potential complication of nephrolithiasis:

Accepted Answer

Urinary tract infection

Answer

Pneumonia

Answer

Congestive heart failure

Answer

Cerebrovascular accident

Question 17

Which preventive measure is recommended to reduce the risk of nephrolithiasis?

Accepted Answer

Increased fluid consumption

Answer

Low-protein diet

Answer

Reduced sodium intake

Answer

Caffeine avoidance

Question 18

Which dietary modification is advised for individuals with nephrolithiasis?

Accepted Answer

Reduced oxalate intake

Answer

Low-carbohydrate diet

Answer

Increased potassium intake

Answer

High-fat diet

Question 19

The most prevalent type of kidney stone is composed primarily of:

Accepted Answer

Calcium oxalate

Answer

Struvite

Answer

Cystine

Answer

Uric acid

Question 20

Which of the following dietary recommendations can help prevent the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones?

Accepted Answer

Limit sodium intake

Answer

Increase protein intake

Answer

Consume large amounts of caffeine

Answer

Avoid dairy products

Question 21

The primary cause of uric acid kidney stones is:

Accepted Answer

Hyperuricemia

Answer

Hypercalciuria

Answer

Cystinuria

Answer

Hypocitraturia

Question 22

Which of the following diagnostic tests is most appropriate to confirm the presence of a kidney stone in a patient with severe flank pain radiating to the groin?

Accepted Answer

Non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT)

Answer

Urinalysis

Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

Question 23

What is the primary goal of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in nephrolithiasis?

Accepted Answer

To break down kidney stones into smaller pieces

Answer

To remove kidney stones directly

Answer

To dissolve kidney stones completely

Answer

To prevent the formation of new kidney stones

Question 24

Which of the following is a common complication associated with nephrolithiasis?

Accepted Answer

Urinary tract infection

Answer

Pancreatitis

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Heart failure

Question 25

Which patient education strategy is important in preventing recurrent nephrolithiasis?

Accepted Answer

Encourage adequate fluid intake

Answer

Tell patients to only drink carbonated beverages

Answer

Advise patients to avoid all dairy products

Question 26

Which medication is most likely to be prescribed to prevent the formation of cystine stones?

Accepted Answer

Thiola

Answer

Potassium citrate

Answer

Calcium channel blockers

Answer

Allopurinol

Question 27

Which nursing intervention is most important when caring for a patient with nephrolithiasis who is experiencing severe pain?

Accepted Answer

Administer pain medication as prescribed

Answer

Monitor for signs of infection

Answer

Force fluids to promote urine output

Answer

Encourage the patient to ambulate frequently

Question 28

What is the most common type of kidney stone?

Accepted Answer

Calcium oxalate

Answer

Uric acid

Answer

Struvite

Answer

Calcium phosphate

Question 29

A patient with kidney stones presents with intense pain in their lower back that spreads to the groin. What is the most likely cause of this pain?

Accepted Answer

Obstruction of the ureter

Answer

Damage to the renal parenchyma

Answer

Inflammation of the renal pelvis

Answer

Kidney infection

Question 30

Which imaging technique is typically considered the gold standard for diagnosing kidney stones?

Accepted Answer

Non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Intravenous pyelography (IVP)

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Ultrasound

Question 31

What is the primary objective of pharmacological management for kidney stones?

Accepted Answer

Dissolving or preventing the formation of stones

Answer

Facilitating stone passage

Answer

Preventing infection

Answer

Pain relief

Question 32

Which dietary change is recommended for individuals with calcium oxalate kidney stones?

Accepted Answer

Reducing oxalate intake

Answer

Limiting protein consumption

Answer

Increasing calcium consumption

Answer

Restricting sodium intake

Question 33

What procedure involves removing a kidney stone through a small incision in the back?

Accepted Answer

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

Answer

Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL)

Answer

Laparoscopic surgery

Answer

Ureteroscopy

Question 34

Which of the following factors is NOT involved in the formation of kidney stones?

Accepted Answer

Increased urine volume

Answer

Crystal growth

Answer

Supersaturation

Answer

Nucleation

Question 35

What is the primary component of the most common type of kidney stone?

Accepted Answer

Calcium oxalate

Answer

Struvite

Answer

Uric acid

Answer

Calcium phosphate

Question 36

Which diagnostic test is frequently used to confirm the presence of kidney stones?

Accepted Answer

Abdominal X-ray

Answer

Complete blood count (CBC)

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level

Question 37

A patient with kidney stones is experiencing severe lower back pain that extends to the groin. Which medication would be most effective in relieving their pain?

Accepted Answer

Ketorolac

Answer

Ibuprofen

Answer

Aspirin

Answer

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

Question 38

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a non-invasive treatment option for kidney stones that:

Accepted Answer

Uses high-energy shock waves to break up the stones

Answer

Requires the placement of a stent to dilate the ureter

Answer

Involves open surgery to remove the stones

Question 39

Which of the following is a potential complication of nephrolithiasis?

Accepted Answer

Hydronephrosis

Answer

Arthritis

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Pneumonia

Question 40

Patients with recurrent nephrolithiasis may benefit from:

Accepted Answer

Metabolic evaluation to identify underlying causes

Answer

Dietary modifications without further investigation

Answer

Routine antibiotics to prevent infection

Answer

Increased fluid intake alone

Question 41

Which of the following laboratory findings is NOT typically associated with nephrolithiasis?

Accepted Answer

Elevated serum creatinine

Answer

Increased urine calcium

Answer

Reduced urine citrate

Answer

Elevated urine uric acid