Adrenal Glands: Structure, Function, and Disorders - Physiology Quiz

Question 1

During the body's 'fight or flight' response, which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 2

Which hormone stimulates the secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 3

Which symptom is characteristic of Addison's disease?

Accepted Answer

Increased skin pigmentation

Answer

Elevated blood pressure

Answer

Weight gain

Answer

Enhanced glucose tolerance

Question 4

Which layer of the adrenal cortex produces hormones that regulate electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

Zona glomerulosa

Answer

Zona fasciculata

Answer

Zona reticularis

Answer

Medulla

Question 5

Which type of receptor mediates the rapid effects of catecholamines, such as adrenaline?

Accepted Answer

G protein-coupled receptor

Answer

Ion channel-linked receptor

Answer

Nuclear hormone receptor

Answer

Steroid hormone receptor

Question 6

Which hormone secreted by the zona reticularis is involved in androgen production?

Accepted Answer

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 7

The adrenal gland layer that secretes catecholamines is the:

Accepted Answer

Zona medulla

Answer

Zona glomerulosa

Answer

Zona fasciculata

Answer

Zona reticularis

Question 8

Which of the following is a physiological effect of cortisol?

Accepted Answer

Elevates glucose levels

Answer

Lowers blood pressure

Answer

Stimulates the immune system

Answer

Inhibits bone resorption

Question 9

What hormone triggers the secretion of aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II

Answer

Renin

Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 10

Which disorder is characterized by excessive secretion of adrenal androgens?

Accepted Answer

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Answer

Addison's disease

Answer

Pheochromocytoma

Question 11

What is the primary purpose of the autonomic nervous system's innervation of the adrenal glands?

Accepted Answer

Regulate hormone secretion from the adrenal medulla

Answer

Regulate hormone secretion from the adrenal cortex

Answer

Control blood flow to the adrenal glands

Answer

Regulate the size of the adrenal glands

Question 12

What is the main physiological effect of epinephrine?

Accepted Answer

Raises heart rate and blood pressure

Answer

Relaxes smooth muscles

Answer

Stimulates insulin secretion

Answer

Inhibits gastric acid secretion

Question 13

In the case of Cushing's syndrome caused by an adrenal tumor, which treatment is typically recommended?

Accepted Answer

Surgical intervention

Answer

Medication with glucocorticoid receptor antagonists

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Chemotherapy

Question 14

Which zone of the adrenal cortex is responsible for secreting mineralcorticoids?

Accepted Answer

Zona glomerulosa

Answer

Zona fasciculata

Answer

Zona reticularis

Question 15

Identify the primary hormone released by the adrenal medulla.

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Aldosterone

Question 16

Which hormone plays a crucial role in maintaining electrolyte balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of Addison's disease?

Accepted Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Weight loss

Answer

Hyperpigmentation

Question 18

Which potential complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can affect the adrenal glands?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal crisis

Answer

Addison's disease

Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Question 19

Identify the primary imaging modality used to visualize the adrenal glands.

Accepted Answer

Computed tomography (CT)

Answer

X-ray

Answer

Ultrasound

Question 20

Which layer is NOT part of the adrenal gland's cortex?

Accepted Answer

Zona corticalis

Answer

Zona glomerulosa

Answer

Zona fasciculata

Answer

Zona reticularis

Question 21

Which hormone is released by the zona glomerulosa?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 22

For acute adrenal insufficiency, which medication is the first-line treatment?

Accepted Answer

Hydrocortisone

Answer

Fludrocortisone

Answer

Dexamethasone

Answer

Prednisone

Question 23

Which hormone triggers aldosterone release from the adrenal gland?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II

Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer

Potassium

Answer

Insulin

Question 24

What is the main function of the adrenal medulla?

Accepted Answer

Produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

Answer

Regulates blood pressure

Answer

Controls metabolism

Answer

Produces cortisol

Question 25

Which hormone is NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Question 26

What is the primary treatment for pheochromocytoma?

Accepted Answer

Surgical removal

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Chemotherapy

Answer

Medical management with alpha-blockers

Question 27

Which hormone is exclusively produced by the adrenal medulla?

Accepted Answer

Adrenaline

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Question 28

Which zone of the adrenal cortex synthesizes and releases glucocorticoids in response to ACTH stimulation?

Accepted Answer

Zona fasciculata

Answer

Zona glomerulosa

Answer

Zona reticularis

Answer

Adrenal medulla

Question 29

Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids, such as cortisol?

Accepted Answer

Zona fasciculata

Answer

Medulla

Answer

Zona reticularis

Answer

Zona glomerulosa

Question 30

What is the main hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to stress?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer

Cortisol

Question 31

Which condition is caused by excessive secretion of cortisol?

Accepted Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Answer

Addison's disease

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Pheochromocytoma

Question 32

On top of which organs are the adrenal glands situated?

Accepted Answer

Kidneys

Answer

Liver

Answer

Pancreas

Answer

Spleen

Question 33

Which adrenal hormone is involved in regulating electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 34

What is the primary function of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of mineralcorticoids

Answer

Glucocorticoids

Answer

Sex steroids

Answer

Metabolic hormones

Question 35

Which stimulus triggers the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla?

Accepted Answer

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer

Inflammation

Answer

Increased blood pressure

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Question 36

Which hormone from the adrenal cortex is essential for maintaining blood pressure and fluid balance?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 37

What is the name of the disease caused by the destruction of the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Addison's disease

Answer

Pheochromocytoma

Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Question 38

Which layer of the adrenal cortex produces sex hormones?

Accepted Answer

Zona reticularis

Answer

Medulla

Answer

Zona glomerulosa

Answer

Zona fasciculata

Question 39

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Glucagon

Question 40

What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids?

Accepted Answer

Sodium reabsorption

Answer

Water conservation

Answer

Calcium absorption

Answer

Glucose metabolism

Question 41

What is the effect of cortisol on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Increases

Answer

No effect

Answer

Decreases

Answer

Fluctuates

Question 42

Which of the following disorders is caused by adrenal insufficiency?

Accepted Answer

Addison's disease

Answer

Myasthenia gravis

Answer

Pheochromocytoma

Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Question 43

What is the main function of the adrenal medulla?

Accepted Answer

Produce catecholamines

Answer

Synthesize hormones

Answer

Control glucose metabolism

Answer

Regulate sodium balance

Question 44

Which of the following is a symptom of Cushing's syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Moon facies

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Bradycardia

Answer

Weight loss

Question 45

What is the primary source of aldosterone secretion?

Accepted Answer

Zona glomerulosa

Answer

Zona reticularis

Answer

Zona medullaris

Answer

Zona fasiculata

Question 46

Which of the following hormones inhibits ACTH secretion?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 47

What is the key difference between the zona glomerulosa and the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Function and hormone secretion

Answer

Innervation

Answer

Blood supply

Answer

Size and location

Question 48

Which hormone is NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Deoxycorticosterone (DOC)

Answer

Cortisol

Question 49

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex is responsible for secreting:

Accepted Answer

Glucocorticoids

Answer

Mineralcorticoids

Answer

Sex steroids

Answer

Catecholamines

Question 50

Which hormone primarily stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II

Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer

Dopamine

Question 51

Which of the following is the primary effect of epinephrine?

Accepted Answer

Prepares the body for a 'fight or flight' response

Answer

Regulates blood pressure

Answer

Controls electrolyte balance

Question 52

Addison's disease is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Primary adrenal insufficiency

Answer

Hyperaldosteronism

Answer

Cushing's disease

Answer

Pheochromocytoma

Question 53

Which of the following is a classic sign of primary hyperaldosteronism?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia

Answer

Addisonian features

Answer

Hyperglycemia

Answer

Hypertension