Common Genitourinary Conditions in Children: Practice Quiz

Question 1

Which of the following is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children?

Accepted Answer

Enterobacteriaceae (Gram-negative bacteria)

Answer

Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria)

Answer

Candida (Fungi)

Answer

Adenovirus (Viruses)

Question 2

Which presentation is characteristic of pyelonephritis in children?

Accepted Answer

Fever, flank pain, and urinary frequency

Answer

Dysuria, hematuria, and urgency

Answer

Vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration

Answer

Malaise, fatigue, and weight loss

Question 3

Which imaging modality is the first-line choice for evaluating suspected hydronephrosis in children?

Accepted Answer

Renal ultrasound

Answer

Voiding cystourethrogram

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Question 4

What is the primary treatment for uncomplicated UTIs in children?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics

Answer

Antivirals

Answer

Antifungals

Answer

Bed rest and fluids

Question 5

Which of the following is the primary cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children?

Accepted Answer

Escherichia coli

Answer

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer

Proteus mirabilis

Answer

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 6

Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)?

Accepted Answer

Posterior urethral valves

Answer

Urethral prolapse

Answer

Bladder exstrophy

Answer

Epispadias

Question 7

For a newborn diagnosed with undescended testes, which of the following treatments is typically recommended as the initial approach before considering surgery?

Accepted Answer

Observation and monitoring

Answer

Hormone therapy

Answer

Orchiopexy (surgical repositioning)

Answer

Laparoscopic exploration

Question 8

A 6-month-old infant with a history of recurrent UTIs is being evaluated for possible vesicoureteral reflux. Which of the following imaging studies is most appropriate for diagnosing VUR?

Accepted Answer

Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

Answer

Cystoscopy

Question 9

A 10-year-old girl presents with symptoms suggestive of overactive bladder. Which of the following tests is most appropriate to evaluate for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Urodynamic study

Answer

Urinalysis

Answer

Cystourethroscopy

Answer

Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

Question 10

Which imaging modality is most useful for diagnosing hydronephrosis, allowing for visualization of the urinary tract and detection of any potential obstructions?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

X-ray

Answer

CT scan

Answer

MRI

Question 11

In cases of ureteropelvic junction obstruction, which surgical procedure is commonly performed to correct the blockage and restore normal urine flow?

Accepted Answer

Pyeloplasty

Answer

Ureteral reimplantation

Answer

Nephrectomy

Answer

Laparoscopic surgery

Question 12

For elective orchiopexy, the surgical correction of undescended testes, what is the generally recommended age range at which the procedure should be performed?

Accepted Answer

12 to 15 months

Answer

6 to 9 months

Answer

18 to 21 months

Answer

24 to 27 months

Question 13

Which of the following is a potential complication associated with vesicoureteral reflux, a condition where urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Urinary tract scarring

Answer

Renal failure

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

None of the listed choices are potential complications

Question 14

In children, what is the most common type of urinary incontinence, characterized by involuntary loss of urine?

Accepted Answer

Enuresis

Answer

Overactive bladder

Answer

Stress incontinence

Answer

Urethral prolapse

Question 15

Which of the following bacteria is the predominant cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children?

Accepted Answer

Escherichia coli

Answer

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Answer

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Answer

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 16

Which of the following imaging examinations is most appropriate for evaluating a child with suspected hydronephrosis?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

X-ray

Answer

Computed tomography (CT)

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 17

A newborn male is diagnosed with bilateral undescended testes. What is the recommended approach to managing this condition?

Accepted Answer

Observation until adolescence

Answer

Immediate surgery

Answer

Hormonal therapy

Answer

Rarely requires surgical intervention

Question 18

What is the most common severe complication of UTIs in children?

Accepted Answer

Renal scarring

Answer

Pyelonephritis

Answer

Urethritis

Answer

Cystitis

Question 19

What imaging modality is primarily used to diagnose hydronephrosis in children?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Voiding cystourethrogram

Answer

Computed tomography

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging

Question 20

What is the surgical intervention recommended for symptomatic hydronephrosis in children?

Accepted Answer

Pyeloplasty

Answer

Ureteroureterostomy

Answer

Nephrectomy

Answer

Cystostomy

Question 21

What is the congenital condition characterized by the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum?

Accepted Answer

Cryptorchidism

Answer

Epididymitis

Answer

Hydrocele

Answer

Varicocele

Question 22

Which laboratory test is used to confirm the diagnosis of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Accepted Answer

Urine culture

Answer

Urinalysis

Answer

Blood culture

Answer

Complete blood count

Question 23

What is the recommended age range for surgical correction of undescended testes?

Accepted Answer

1-2 years

Answer

6-12 months

Answer

2-5 years

Answer

5-10 years

Question 24

In pre-verbal infants, which symptom is most commonly seen as the initial presentation of a urinary tract infection?

Accepted Answer

Irritability

Answer

Fever

Answer

Vomiting

Question 25

Which of the following is the most prevalent type of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children?

Accepted Answer

Asymptomatic bacteriuria

Answer

Pyelonephritis

Answer

Cystitis

Answer

Urethritis

Question 26

What is typically the presenting symptom of an undescended testis?

Accepted Answer

Absence of symptoms

Answer

Pain

Answer

Swelling

Answer

Infertility

Question 27

Which antibiotic is primarily recommended for treating straightforward UTIs in children?

Accepted Answer

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Answer

Nitrofurantoin

Answer

Amoxicillin-clavulanate

Answer

Ciprofloxacin

Question 28

In children with hydronephrosis caused by vesicoureteral reflux, which surgical intervention is generally preferred?

Accepted Answer

Ureteral reimplantation

Answer

Pyeloplasty

Answer

Nephrectomy

Answer

Ureterolysis

Question 29

At what age is surgical intervention typically recommended for children with undescended testes?

Accepted Answer

18 months

Answer

6 months

Answer

12 months

Answer

24 months

Question 30

What is commonly the primary cause of enuresis in children?

Accepted Answer

Functional disorders

Answer

Overactive bladder

Answer

Excessive nighttime urination

Answer

Sleep apnea

Question 31

Which risk factor is associated with the development of nephrolithiasis in children?

Accepted Answer

Any of the aforementioned

Answer

Dehydration

Answer

Cystinuria

Answer

Renal tubular acidosis

Question 32

Which imaging modality is generally preferred for evaluating potential urinary tract abnormalities in children?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Voiding cystourethrogram

Answer

Intravenous pyelogram

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging

Question 33

Which of the following is the most prevalent genitourinary condition in young children?

Accepted Answer

Urinary tract infection

Answer

Vesicoureteral reflux

Answer

Cryptorchidism

Answer

Hydronephrosis

Question 34

Which of the following is the most common sign associated with hydronephrosis?

Accepted Answer

Flank mass

Answer

Hematuria

Answer

Cryptorchidism

Answer

Dysuria

Question 35

What is the most prevalent causative agent of urinary tract infections in children?

Accepted Answer

Escherichia coli

Answer

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 36

Which of the following is a potential complication of hydronephrosis?

Accepted Answer

Renal scarring

Answer

Neurogenic bladder

Answer

Vesicoureteral reflux

Answer

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Question 37

What is the recommended surgical treatment for undescended testes at 6 months of age?

Accepted Answer

Orchiopexy

Answer

Hormonal therapy

Answer

Antibiotic prophylaxis

Answer

Observation

Question 38

Which of the following conditions precludes circumcision?

Accepted Answer

Hypospadias

Answer

Cryptorchidism

Answer

Phimosis

Answer

Balanitis

Question 39

What is the predominant causative agent of acute pyelonephritis in children?

Accepted Answer

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)

Answer

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer

Enterococcus faecalis

Answer

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 40

In a 10-year-old female with recurrent urinary tract infections due to a duplicated collecting system, what is the most appropriate treatment approach?

Accepted Answer

Surgical reimplantation of the ureters

Answer

Observation

Answer

Ureteral stenting

Answer

Antibiotic prophylaxis

Question 41

A defining characteristic of ambiguous genitalia is the presence of:

Accepted Answer

labioscrotal folds

Answer

Penile agenesis

Answer

Hypospadias

Answer

Anorchia

Question 42

A 5-year-old male presents with a painful, reddened glans penis. Which condition is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Balanitis

Answer

Urethritis

Answer

Phimosis

Answer

Meatal stenosis

Question 43

A 14-year-old male presents with a palpable mass in his right lower quadrant. The mass is firm and painful. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Testicular torsion

Answer

Appendicitis

Answer

Hydrocele

Answer

Inguinal hernia

Question 44

A 3-year-old boy presents with fever, difficulty urinating (dysuria), and pain in the lower abdomen (suprapubic pain).  Urinalysis reveals white blood cells (leukocytes) and nitrates. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Answer

Constipation

Answer

Appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix)

Answer

Gastroenteritis (stomach flu)

Question 45

A newborn baby is diagnosed with a mass in the abdomen and has a history of low amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios) during pregnancy. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hydronephrosis (swelling of the kidney due to a blockage in the drainage system)

Answer

Polycystic kidney disease (a genetic disorder where cysts develop in the kidneys)

Answer

Neuroblastoma (a type of cancer in the adrenal glands or nerve tissue)

Answer

Wilms tumor (a type of kidney cancer)

Question 46

A 1-year-old boy is brought to the clinic because his parents have noticed a mass in his scrotum. The mass feels soft, doesn't hurt, and glows when a light is shone on it. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hydrocele (a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum)

Answer

Inguinal hernia (a protrusion of tissue through the groin area)

Answer

Undescended testes (testicles that haven't descended into the scrotum)

Answer

Testicular torsion (twisting of the testicle, cutting off blood supply)

Question 47

What is the most common bacterial cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children?

Accepted Answer

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Answer

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 48

A 6-year-old girl has had multiple urinary tract infections (UTIs).  What is the most appropriate next step in her care to determine the cause of these recurrent infections?

Accepted Answer

Renal ultrasound (a scan of the kidneys to check for structural abnormalities)

Answer

Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) (an x-ray study of the bladder and urethra)

Answer

Antibiotic prophylaxis (regular antibiotics to prevent infections)

Answer

Cystoscopy (a procedure where a thin, flexible telescope is inserted into the bladder)

Question 49

A newborn boy is found to have both of his testicles not descended into the scrotum. What is the recommended treatment for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Surgical correction (an operation to bring the testicles into the scrotum)

Answer

Physical therapy (using exercises to encourage testicular descent)

Answer

Hormone therapy (using medication to stimulate testicular descent)

Answer

Observation (closely watching the testicles to see if they descend on their own)

Question 50

Which of the following is a potential complication that can occur if hydronephrosis is left untreated?

Accepted Answer

Renal failure (loss of kidney function)

Answer

Gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines)

Answer

Appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix)

Answer

Pneumonia (infection of the lungs)

Question 51

A 2-year-old boy has a mass in his scrotum that goes away when he lies down. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Inguinal hernia (a protrusion of tissue through the groin area)

Answer

Hydrocele (a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum)

Answer

Testicular torsion (twisting of the testicle, cutting off blood supply)

Answer

Varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum)

Question 52

A 10-year-old boy suddenly develops severe pain and swelling in his scrotum. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Testicular torsion (twisting of the testicle, cutting off blood supply)

Answer

Hydrocele (a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum)

Answer

Epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis, a tube that stores sperm)

Answer

Varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum)