Inflammation and Repair: A Comprehensive Guide for Medical Students

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of acute inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Emphysema (air or gas in the tissues)

Answer

Rubor (redness)

Answer

Tumor (swelling)

Answer

Dolor (pain)

Question 2

Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for phagocytosis during inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Lymphocytes

Answer

Eosinophils

Question 3

Which of the following processes is NOT a mechanism of tissue repair?

Accepted Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Regeneration

Answer

Fibrosis

Answer

Metaplasia

Question 4

Which of the following conditions is characterized by chronic inflammation with infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages?

Accepted Answer

Granuloma

Answer

Abscess

Answer

Ulcer

Answer

Edema

Question 5

Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for phagocytosis during chronic inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Eosinophils

Answer

Mast cells

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT considered a classic cardinal sign of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Itching

Answer

Redness

Answer

Heat

Answer

Swelling

Question 7

Which protein plays a crucial role in attracting neutrophils to the site of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Complement 3a

Answer

C-reactive protein

Answer

Interleukin-1

Answer

Fibrinogen

Question 8

Which type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of substantial numbers of macrophages and lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

Granulomatous inflammation

Answer

Serous inflammation

Answer

Fibrinous inflammation

Answer

Suppurative inflammation

Question 9

Which factor significantly increases the risk of developing hypertrophic scars?

Accepted Answer

Excessive tension on the wound site

Answer

Young age

Answer

Dark skin

Answer

Vitamin C deficiency

Question 10

What is the main purpose of wound contraction?

Accepted Answer

Reducing the size of the wound

Answer

Promoting the formation of new skin (epithelialization)

Answer

Providing tensile strength to the healing tissue

Answer

Preventing infection

Question 11

Which type of cell is primarily responsible for releasing histamine, a mediator of vasodilation and increased vascular permeability?

Accepted Answer

Mast cells

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Eosinophils

Question 12

The release of histamine and serotonin during inflammation is primarily mediated by:

Accepted Answer

Mast cells

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Eosinophils

Question 13

The presence of neutrophils in an inflammatory exudate is indicative of:

Accepted Answer

Acute inflammation

Answer

Chronic inflammation

Answer

Granulomatous inflammation

Answer

Serosal inflammation

Question 14

The primary function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response is to:

Accepted Answer

Phagocytose invading microorganisms

Answer

Release histamine

Answer

Produce antibodies

Answer

Activate macrophages

Question 15

Granulation tissue, characterized by newly formed blood vessels and fibroblasts, is a hallmark of which phase of wound healing?

Accepted Answer

Proliferative phase

Answer

Inflammatory phase

Answer

Maturation phase

Answer

Remodeling phase

Question 16

Which cell type is primarily responsible for synthesizing and depositing extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagen, during wound healing?

Accepted Answer

Fibroblasts

Answer

Keratinocytes

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Neutrophils

Question 17

Which cytokine is known for its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-10

Answer

Interleukin-1β

Answer

Interleukin-6

Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-α

Question 18

Which cytokine is renowned for its powerful anti-inflammatory properties?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-10

Answer

Interleukin-1β

Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-α

Answer

Interferon-γ

Question 19

Which of these is NOT a typical systemic effect of acute inflammation?

Accepted Answer

High blood pressure (hypertension)

Answer

Fever

Answer

Increased heart rate (tachycardia)

Answer

Elevated white blood cell count (leukocytosis)

Question 20

During which phase of wound healing does granulation tissue form and angiogenesis occur?

Accepted Answer

Proliferative phase

Answer

Inflammatory phase

Answer

Remodeling phase

Answer

Maturation phase

Question 21

In the resolution phase of inflammation, what is the main role of macrophages?

Accepted Answer

Engulfing dead neutrophils

Answer

Releasing inflammatory signals

Answer

Attracting more neutrophils

Question 22

In comparing acute and chronic inflammation, which histological feature is a key distinction?

Accepted Answer

Lymphocyte-predominant infiltrate

Answer

Neutrophil-predominant infiltrate

Answer

Eosinophil-predominant infiltrate

Answer

Plasma cell-predominant infiltrate

Question 23

Explain the dual role of prostaglandins in the inflammatory process, highlighting their involvement in both the initiation and resolution of inflammation.

Accepted Answer

Prostaglandins exert a dual effect, contributing to both the initiation and resolution of inflammation.

Answer

Prostaglandins solely inhibit inflammation and facilitate tissue repair.

Answer

Prostaglandin production is limited to infectious triggers and has no relevance in non-infectious inflammation.

Question 24

In chronic inflammation, what is the primary role of cytokines?

Accepted Answer

Sustaining the inflammatory response and contributing to tissue destruction

Answer

Promoting resolution of inflammation and tissue repair

Answer

Inhibiting the inflammatory response and preventing tissue damage

Answer

Modulating the immune response and facilitating immune tolerance

Question 25

Identify the option that is NOT recognized as a characteristic sign of inflammation.

Accepted Answer

Pallor

Answer

Swelling

Answer

Redness

Answer

Warmth

Question 26

Which cell type predominantly performs phagocytosis during inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Lymphocytes

Answer

Eosinophils

Answer

Mast cells

Question 27

Identify the cytokine that plays a significant role in promoting inflammation.

Accepted Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Answer

Interleukin-10

Answer

Transforming growth factor-beta

Answer

Interferon-gamma

Question 28

Which medication belongs to the class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

Accepted Answer

Aspirin

Answer

Prednisone

Answer

Methotrexate

Answer

Azathioprine

Question 29

Explain the dual role of inflammation in maintaining tissue homeostasis and contributing to chronic inflammatory diseases.

Accepted Answer

Inflammation is a protective response that aids tissue healing, but excessive or dysregulated inflammation can lead to chronic diseases.

Answer

Inflammation is solely a harmful process that should always be suppressed.

Answer

Chronic inflammatory diseases are exclusively caused by persistent infections.

Question 30

In the complement cascade, a key component of the innate immune system, which plasma protein is crucial?

Accepted Answer

C3

Answer

Albumin

Answer

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

Answer

Fibrinogen

Question 31

Which of the following characteristics below is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Neoplasia

Answer

Pain

Answer

Swelling

Answer

Redness

Question 32

Which cytokine is primarily responsible for coordinating the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)

Answer

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)

Answer

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)

Answer

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

Question 33

Which of the following cells is responsible for phagocytosis of pathogens during the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Answer

Eosinophil

Answer

Monocyte

Answer

Lymphocyte

Question 34

Which mechanism of tissue repair involves the formation of new tissue?

Accepted Answer

Regeneration

Answer

Organization

Answer

Fibrosis

Answer

Resolution

Question 35

Which type of drug is commonly used to suppress inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

Answer

Antibiotic

Answer

Chemotherapy agent

Question 36

Which of the following is a characteristic of granulomatous inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Presence of epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells

Answer

Predominance of neutrophils

Answer

Absence of fibrin deposition

Question 37

What is the primary function of the complement system in inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Opsonization

Answer

Phagocytosis

Answer

Degranulation

Answer

Chemotaxis

Question 38

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature between acute and chronic inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Duration and cellular composition

Answer

Intensity

Answer

Cause

Answer

Outcome

Question 39

Which molecule is the predominant mediator enhancing vascular permeability during inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Histamine

Answer

Prostaglandin E2

Answer

Platelet-activating factor

Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Question 40

Which chronic inflammatory disease is characterized by the presence of granulomas?

Accepted Answer

Tuberculosis

Answer

Asthma

Answer

Acute appendicitis

Answer

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 41

Which cytokine plays a crucial role in promoting the differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-4

Answer

Interleukin-2

Answer

Interleukin-6

Question 42

Which feature is characteristic of chronic inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Increased accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes

Answer

Short duration

Answer

Rapid onset

Question 43

Which factor is a known risk for the development of atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

Hyperlipidemia

Answer

Vegetarian diet

Answer

Hypothermia

Answer

Anemia

Question 44

Which clinical sign is commonly associated with inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Pain

Answer

Leukopenia

Answer

Hypothermia

Answer

Bradycardia

Question 45

Which event is crucial for the resolution of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis of neutrophils

Answer

Increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Answer

Formation of scar tissue

Answer

Recruitment of additional inflammatory cells

Question 46

Which of the following is **not** considered a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Hypothermia

Answer

Redness

Answer

Swelling

Answer

Pain

Question 47

Which of the following medications is **not** a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)?

Accepted Answer

Prednisone

Answer

Naproxen

Answer

Aspirin

Answer

Ibuprofen

Question 48

A 35-year-old man presents with acute right knee pain and swelling. Synovial fluid analysis reveals elevated neutrophils. Which mediator is the PRIMARY chemoattractant for neutrophils?

Accepted Answer

C5a

Answer

Bradykinin

Answer

Prostaglandin E2

Answer

Histamine

Question 49

A researcher observes increased fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in wounds treated with a new drug. Which growth factor is MOST likely upregulated by this drug?

Accepted Answer

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)

Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)

Answer

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

Answer

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)

Question 50

A biopsy from a chronic inflammatory lesion shows lymphocytes, macrophages, fibrosis, and neovascularization. Which inflammatory pattern is MOST likely represented?

Accepted Answer

Granulomatous inflammation

Answer

Fibrinous inflammation

Answer

Serous inflammation

Answer

Purulent inflammation

Question 51

Which characteristic BEST distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Tissue destruction and fibrosis

Answer

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Answer

Rapid onset and short duration

Answer

Predominance of neutrophils

Question 52

A 50-year-old woman with a history of smoking presents with persistent cough and dyspnea. A lung mass biopsy reveals squamous cell carcinoma. Which inflammatory cell type is MOST implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer development?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Eosinophils

Answer

Basophils

Answer

Mast cells

Question 53

Which systemic manifestation of inflammation is primarily mediated by interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)?

Accepted Answer

Fever

Answer

Leukocytosis

Answer

Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Answer

Lymphadenopathy

Question 54

A patient with a bacterial infection develops septic shock. Which mediator is MOST responsible for the hypotension and organ dysfunction?

Accepted Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)

Answer

Histamine

Answer

Prostaglandin E2

Answer

Bradykinin

Question 55

Which cell type plays a crucial role in wound contraction and scar formation during tissue repair?

Accepted Answer

Myofibroblasts

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Fibroblasts

Question 56

Which of the following is a potential complication of chronic inflammation?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Answer

Organ dysfunction

Answer

Autoimmune disease

Answer

Cancer