Obesity: Definition, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Question 1

Which pharmacological intervention is considered the most effective for long-term weight loss in obese individuals?

Accepted Answer

Liraglutide

Answer

Orlistat

Answer

Metformin

Answer

Sibutramine

Question 2

Which psychological factor is commonly linked to obesity and hinders adherence to weight management programs?

Accepted Answer

Low self-esteem

Answer

Body dysmorphic disorder

Answer

Eating disorders

Answer

Lack of social support

Question 3

Which factor is NOT associated with an increased risk of developing obesity?

Accepted Answer

Moderate climate

Answer

Lack of physical activity

Answer

Excessive consumption of processed foods

Answer

Genetics

Question 4

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating hunger and regulating body fat stores?

Accepted Answer

Ghrelin

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Cholecystokinin

Question 5

What is the primary diagnostic criterion used to define obesity?

Accepted Answer

Body mass index (BMI)

Answer

Waist circumference

Answer

Body fat percentage

Answer

Skinfold thickness

Question 6

Which treatment approach is generally recommended as the initial step in managing obesity?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral therapy and lifestyle modifications

Answer

Pharmacotherapy

Answer

Surgery

Answer

Exercise alone

Question 7

Which medication is approved by the FDA for long-term weight management in adults with obesity?

Accepted Answer

Orlistat

Answer

Metformin

Answer

Naltrexone

Answer

Sibutramine

Question 8

How often should patients with severe obesity undergoing medical weight management be monitored?

Accepted Answer

Monthly

Answer

Quarterly

Answer

Semi-annually

Answer

Annually

Question 9

Which healthcare professional typically serves as the primary coordinator of care for patients with obesity?

Accepted Answer

Primary care doctor

Answer

Endocrinologist

Answer

Bariatric surgeon

Answer

Registered dietitian

Question 10

Which of the following is the widely accepted definition of obesity, as per the World Health Organization?

Accepted Answer

BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2

Answer

BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2

Answer

Waist circumference ≥ 102 cm in men and ≥ 88 cm in women

Answer

Body fat percentage ≥ 30% in women and ≥ 25% in men

Question 11

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating appetite and energy balance?

Accepted Answer

Leptin

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Ghrelin

Answer

Cortisol

Question 12

Which of the following is generally considered the cornerstone of obesity management?

Accepted Answer

Lifestyle modification

Answer

Bariatric surgery

Answer

Pharmacotherapy

Answer

Insulin therapy

Question 13

Which of the following medications is commonly used in the pharmacological treatment of obesity?

Accepted Answer

Orlistat

Answer

Metformin

Answer

Simvastatin

Answer

Ibuprofen

Question 14

When counseling patients with obesity, which of the following approaches is generally recommended?

Accepted Answer

Providing individualized support

Answer

Emphasizing self-blame

Answer

Setting unrealistic goals

Answer

Focusing solely on weight loss

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a recognized major risk factor for the development of obesity?

Accepted Answer

Exposure to air pollution

Answer

Sedentary lifestyle

Answer

Unhealthy diet high in calories and processed foods

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Question 16

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating appetite and metabolism, playing a crucial role in weight management?

Accepted Answer

Leptin

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Thyroid hormone

Answer

Adrenaline

Question 17

Which imaging technique is commonly used to diagnose and assess the severity of obesity-related fatty liver disease?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

X-ray

Question 18

Which of the following prescription medications is currently NOT approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the long-term treatment of obesity in adults?

Accepted Answer

Metformin

Answer

Orlistat

Answer

Liraglutide

Answer

Phentermine

Question 19

The primary hormone in the regulation of hunger signaling is:

Accepted Answer

Leptin

Answer

Ghrelin

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Insulin

Question 20

The primary mechanism of action of most anti-obesity medications is:

Accepted Answer

Reducing appetite

Answer

Stimulating energy expenditure

Answer

Blocking fat absorption

Answer

Increasing insulin sensitivity

Question 21

Among the potential complications of obesity-related pancreatitis, the most severe one is:

Accepted Answer

Necrotizing pancreatitis

Answer

Acute kidney failure

Answer

Pancreatic cancer

Answer

Chronic liver disease

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a non-surgical approach to obesity management?

Accepted Answer

Sleeve gastrectomy

Answer

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Answer

Yoga

Answer

Mindfulness-based stress reduction

Question 23

In the United States, approximately what percentage of adults are considered obese?

Accepted Answer

50-60%

Answer

10-20%

Answer

30-40%

Answer

70-80%

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a recognized risk factor for the development of obesity?

Accepted Answer

Advanced age

Answer

Physical inactivity

Answer

Unhealthy diet

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Question 25

Which hormone plays a central role in regulating appetite and satiety, influencing food intake and energy balance?

Accepted Answer

Leptin

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Ghrelin

Answer

Glucagon

Question 26

According to current guidelines, what is the recommended body mass index (BMI) cutoff value for diagnosing obesity?

Accepted Answer

BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2

Answer

BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2

Answer

BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2

Answer

BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2

Question 27

Which dietary approach is generally recommended as part of a comprehensive weight management plan for individuals with obesity?

Accepted Answer

Mediterranean diet

Answer

High-protein, low-carbohydrate diet

Answer

Paleolithic diet

Answer

Intermittent fasting diet

Question 28

What is the primary aim of bariatric surgery in the treatment of obesity?

Accepted Answer

To reduce stomach volume and promote early satiety

Answer

To enhance fat absorption and promote weight gain

Answer

To improve insulin sensitivity and regulate glucose metabolism

Answer

To eliminate the need for physical activity and exercise

Question 29

What is the primary goal of lifestyle modification in the management of obesity?

Accepted Answer

To maintain a healthy weight over the long term

Answer

To achieve rapid weight loss

Answer

To improve body image and self-esteem

Answer

To eliminate all cravings for unhealthy foods

Question 30

What is the recommended approach to exercise for individuals with obesity to promote weight management and improve overall health?

Accepted Answer

A combination of aerobic and resistance training

Answer

Vigorous aerobic exercise for at least 150 minutes per week

Answer

Moderate aerobic exercise for at least 300 minutes per week

Answer

Resistance training for at least 2 days per week

Question 31

The diagnosis of obesity is typically based on:

Accepted Answer

Combination of the above

Answer

Height and weight measurements

Answer

Waist circumference and body mass index (BMI)

Answer

Body fat percentage

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a recommended lifestyle modification for managing obesity?

Accepted Answer

Increased sleep duration

Answer

Dietary changes

Answer

Regular physical activity

Answer

Stress management

Question 33

The prevalence of obesity in the United States over the past several decades has been:

Accepted Answer

Increasing

Answer

Steady

Answer

Decreasing

Answer

Fluctuating

Question 34

Which lifestyle modification approach has been shown to be most effective in helping adults with obesity achieve and maintain long-term weight loss?

Accepted Answer

Comprehensive lifestyle modification program

Answer

Low-carb diet

Answer

Meal replacements

Answer

Pharmacological therapy alone

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a well-established risk factor for obesity?

Accepted Answer

Low socioeconomic status

Answer

Physical inactivity

Answer

Excessive caloric intake

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Question 36

Which diagnostic tool provides the most accurate measurement of body fat percentage?

Accepted Answer

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

Answer

Body mass index (BMI)

Answer

Skinfold measurements

Answer

Bioelectrical impedance analysis

Question 37

The initial treatment approach for obesity typically involves:

Accepted Answer

Lifestyle modifications

Answer

Pharmacotherapy

Answer

Surgery

Answer

Behavioral therapy

Question 38

Which of the following is **not** a well-established risk factor for obesity?

Accepted Answer

Regular physical exercise

Answer

Physical inactivity

Answer

Unbalanced or excessive calorie intake

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse health outcome associated with obesity?

Accepted Answer

Enhanced cardiovascular health

Answer

Stroke

Answer

Type 2 diabetes

Answer

Heart disease

Question 40

Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of obesity?

Accepted Answer

Excessive daytime sleepiness

Answer

Unexplained weight loss

Answer

Heightened energy levels

Answer

Improved coordination

Question 41

What is an essential initial step in the evaluation of an individual suspected of having obesity?

Accepted Answer

Physical examination

Answer

Advanced imaging studies

Answer

Fasting blood glucose measurement

Answer

Genetic testing

Question 42

Which of the following is an effective lifestyle intervention for managing obesity?

Accepted Answer

Regular physical activity and a balanced diet

Answer

Exclusive alcohol consumption

Answer

Stress reduction without dietary or exercise modifications

Answer

Smoking cessation alone

Question 43

Which of the following is a critical element in the prevention of obesity, particularly among younger populations?

Accepted Answer

Promoting healthy eating habits from childhood

Answer

Reducing poverty rates

Answer

Expanding access to healthcare facilities

Answer

Improving air quality indices

Question 44

Which of the following is a primary challenge encountered in the management of obesity?

Accepted Answer

Ensuring patient adherence to treatment recommendations

Answer

High costs associated with interventions

Answer

Insufficient access to healthcare professionals

Answer

Limited availability of effective medications

Question 45

Which of the following is a potential complication associated with bariatric surgery?

Accepted Answer

Nutritional deficiencies

Answer

Improved cardiovascular health

Answer

Significant weight gain

Question 46

Which factor is NOT considered a significant risk factor contributing to the development of obesity?

Accepted Answer

Regular engagement in physical activity

Answer

Unhealthy dietary habits

Answer

Sedentary lifestyle

Answer

Genetic predisposition to obesity

Question 47

The development of obesity is primarily attributed to:

Accepted Answer

Dysregulation of energy balance mechanisms

Answer

Increased metabolic rate

Answer

Excessive secretion of certain hormones

Answer

Impaired nutrient absorption in the digestive system

Question 48

According to standard BMI (Body Mass Index) classification, a BMI of 30 or higher indicates:

Accepted Answer

Obesity

Answer

Overweight

Answer

Normal weight

Answer

Pre-obesity

Question 49

Which of the following conditions is a well-established potential health complication of obesity?

Accepted Answer

Cardiovascular disease

Answer

Migraine headaches

Answer

Appendicitis

Answer

Asthma

Question 50

In the management of obesity, the primary therapeutic goal should be:

Accepted Answer

Sustainable weight loss and maintenance

Answer

Rapid weight reduction

Answer

Elimination of all processed food items from the diet

Question 51

Which of the following medications is commonly used in the pharmacological treatment of obesity?

Accepted Answer

Orlistat

Answer

Antidepressants

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Metformin

Question 52

The global prevalence of obesity is currently:

Accepted Answer

Increasing

Answer

Exclusive to low-income countries

Answer

Unaffected by socioeconomic factors

Answer

Decreasing in developed nations

Question 53

Which of the following populations has a disproportionately higher risk of obesity?

Accepted Answer

Individuals living in low-income communities

Answer

Rural residents

Answer

Elite athletes

Answer

Older adults