Carbohydrates: Structure, Properties, and Metabolism

Question 1

What is the defining structural feature of a monosaccharide?

Accepted Answer

Monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.

Answer

Monosaccharides have a crystalline structure and low water solubility.

Answer

All monosaccharides can reduce Fehling's reagent.

Answer

Monosaccharides are found only in plants.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?

Accepted Answer

Lactose

Answer

Glucose

Answer

Fructose

Answer

Ribose

Question 3

What is the glycosidic bond formed between?

Accepted Answer

The hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide and the anomeric carbon of another monosaccharide

Answer

The amino group of one amino acid and the carboxylic acid group of another amino acid

Answer

The phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar group of another nucleotide

Answer

The methyl group of one fatty acid and the carboxyl group of another fatty acid

Question 4

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for breaking down starch into glucose?

Accepted Answer

Amylase

Answer

Protease

Answer

Lipase

Answer

Nuclease

Question 5

What is the structural difference between alpha and beta glucose?

Accepted Answer

The position of the hydroxyl group on carbon 1

Answer

The position of the hydroxyl group on carbon 2

Answer

The position of the carbonyl group

Answer

The number of hydroxyl groups

Question 6

Which of the following is a reducing sugar?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Answer

Sucrose

Answer

Starch

Answer

Chitin

Question 7

What is the repeating unit of cellulose?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Answer

Fructose

Answer

Galactose

Answer

Ribose

Question 8

The basic building block of carbohydrates is a:

Accepted Answer

Monosaccharide

Answer

Nucleoside

Answer

Amino acid

Answer

Fatty acid

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a monosaccharide?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Answer

Starch

Answer

Cellulose

Answer

Glycogen

Question 10

The process by which plants utilize sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates is known as:

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis

Answer

Glycolysis

Answer

Respiration

Answer

Fermentation

Question 11

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for breaking glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

Amylase

Answer

Protease

Answer

Lipase

Answer

Nuclease

Question 12

The primary form in which animals store excess carbohydrates is:

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

Answer

Glucose

Answer

Starch

Answer

Cellulose

Question 13

Which of the following polysaccharides serves a structural role in plant cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose

Answer

Amylose

Answer

Chitin

Answer

Glycogen

Question 14

The presence of reducing sugars in a solution can be detected using:

Accepted Answer

Benedict's reagent

Answer

Biuret reagent

Answer

Iodine solution

Answer

Ninhydrin reagent

Question 15

Which of the following disaccharides is composed of glucose and fructose?

Accepted Answer

Sucrose

Answer

Lactose

Answer

Maltose

Answer

Cellulose

Question 16

The specific arrangement of monosaccharides in a polysaccharide chain is referred to as its:

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Answer

Secondary structure

Answer

Tertiary structure

Answer

Quaternary structure

Question 17

Which functional group is responsible for the reducing properties of sugars?

Accepted Answer

Aldehyde

Answer

Ketone

Answer

Alcohol

Answer

Carboxyl

Question 18

The hydrolysis of a glycosidic bond results in the formation of:

Accepted Answer

Two monosaccharides

Answer

One monosaccharide and one disaccharide

Answer

Two disaccharides

Answer

One trisaccharide

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a type of carbohydrate?

Accepted Answer

Lipids

Answer

Starch

Answer

Cellulose

Answer

Glycogen

Question 20

What is the primary role of glucose in the body?

Accepted Answer

Energy source for cells

Answer

Structural component of cell membranes

Answer

Storage molecule for excess energy

Answer

Hormonal precursor

Question 21

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for catalyzing the hydrolysis of starch?

Accepted Answer

Amylase

Answer

Lipase

Answer

Protease

Answer

Sucrase

Question 22

What is the glycosidic linkage present in lactose?

Accepted Answer

β-1,4-glycosidic bond

Answer

α-1,4-glycosidic bond

Answer

α-1,6-glycosidic bond

Answer

β-1,6-glycosidic bond

Question 23

Identify the monosaccharide among the provided options.

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Answer

Sucrose

Answer

Starch

Answer

Glycogen

Question 24

Name the type of bond that links monosaccharides to form a disaccharide.

Accepted Answer

Glycosidic bond

Answer

Peptide bond

Answer

Phosphodiester bond

Answer

Hydrogen bond

Question 25

Identify the enzyme responsible for breaking down starch molecules.

Accepted Answer

Amylase

Answer

Lactase

Answer

Sucrase

Answer

Lipase

Question 26

Explain the key difference between alpha- and beta-glycosidic bonds.

Accepted Answer

Orientation of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon

Answer

Number of carbon atoms involved in the bond

Answer

Type of monosaccharides involved

Answer

Presence or absence of a branch point

Question 27

Which of the following carbohydrates is classified as complex?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose

Answer

Glucose

Answer

Sucrose

Answer

Maltose

Question 28

Which sugar is classified as a ketone sugar?

Accepted Answer

Fructose

Answer

Glucose

Answer

Ribose

Answer

Deoxyribose

Question 29

Explain the significance of a carbohydrate's reducing end.

Accepted Answer

It possesses a free aldehyde or keto group

Answer

It participates in reactions to form glycosidic bonds

Answer

It initiates glycogen synthesis

Answer

It is exclusively present in disaccharides

Question 30

Identify the factor that does NOT influence carbohydrate digestion.

Accepted Answer

Blood sugar levels

Answer

pH

Answer

Presence of enzymes

Answer

Size of the carbohydrate molecule

Question 31

Which type of bond connects monosaccharides to form disaccharides?

Accepted Answer

Glycosidic bond

Answer

Hydrogen bond

Answer

Ionic bond

Answer

Covalent bond

Question 32

Identify an example of a polysaccharide.

Accepted Answer

Starch

Answer

Sucrose

Answer

Fructose

Answer

Glucose

Question 33

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Energy storage and production

Answer

Structural support

Answer

Cell signaling

Answer

Immune response

Question 34

Which class of enzymes is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

Amylases

Answer

Lipases

Answer

Proteases

Answer

Nucleases

Question 35

What is the function of glycogen in the body?

Accepted Answer

Energy storage in the liver and muscles

Answer

Structural component of cell walls

Answer

Precursor for the synthesis of other carbohydrates

Answer

Signaling molecule for hormonal regulation

Question 36

Which disorder is characterized by an impaired ability to metabolize carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Phenylketonuria

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Question 37

What is the primary role of carbohydrates in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Energy storage and provision

Answer

Structural support

Answer

Genetic information encoding

Answer

Hormonal regulation

Question 38

Which of the following is a simple sugar (monosaccharide)?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Answer

Starch

Answer

Cellulose

Answer

Chitin

Question 39

Which enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of starch into smaller sugar units?

Accepted Answer

Amylase

Answer

Protease

Answer

Lipase

Answer

Nuclease

Question 40

What is the main function of cellulose in plants?

Accepted Answer

Providing structural support

Answer

Energy storage

Answer

Hormonal regulation

Answer

Enzyme regulation

Question 41

What is the name of the sugar component found in the genetic material RNA?

Accepted Answer

Ribose

Answer

Deoxyribose

Answer

Glucose

Answer

Fructose

Question 42

Which type of sugar is capable of reducing other substances?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Answer

Sucrose

Answer

Lactose

Answer

Starch

Question 43

What type of chemical reaction results in the formation of a glycosidic bond?

Accepted Answer

Condensation

Answer

Hydrolysis

Answer

Oxidation-reduction

Answer

Isomerization

Question 44

What is a key characteristic of polysaccharides?

Accepted Answer

Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

Answer

Break down into two or more monosaccharides

Answer

React with oxidizing agents

Answer

Completely dissolve in water

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a type of glycosidic bond?

Accepted Answer

Phosphodiester bond

Answer

alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond

Answer

beta-1,4-glycosidic bond

Answer

alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond

Question 46

What reaction is a defining characteristic of reducing sugars?

Accepted Answer

Oxidation

Answer

Hydrolysis

Answer

Glycosylation

Answer

Isomerization

Question 47

What triggers the commencement of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorylation of glucose

Answer

Cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Answer

Formation of pyruvate

Question 48

Which of the following is a simple sugar (monosaccharide)?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Answer

Starch

Answer

Glycogen

Answer

Cellulose

Question 49

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Energy storage and production

Answer

Hormone regulation

Answer

Nucleic acid replication

Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 50

What type of bond connects two monosaccharides together in a disaccharide?

Accepted Answer

Glycosidic bond

Answer

Ionic bond

Answer

Nonpolar bond

Answer

Hydrogen bond

Question 51

How do starch and cellulose differ in their structure?

Accepted Answer

Starch is branched, while cellulose is linear (unbranched).

Answer

Starch is a polysaccharide, while cellulose is a monosaccharide.

Answer

Starch is a monosaccharide, while cellulose is a polysaccharide.

Question 52

Which enzyme breaks down starch into simpler sugars?

Accepted Answer

Amylase

Answer

Protease

Answer

Lipase

Question 53

What is the primary function of glycogen in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Storage of glucose, mainly in the liver and muscles.

Answer

Synthesis of proteins

Answer

Regulation of blood sugar levels

Answer

Transport of fatty acids

Question 54

What distinguishes an alpha (α) from a beta (β) glycosidic bond?

Accepted Answer

The orientation of the glycosidic bond at the anomeric carbon.

Answer

The number of monosaccharide units in the polymer

Answer

The length of the polysaccharide chain

Question 55

Which technique is commonly used to separate and identify different types of carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

Chromatography

Answer

Centrifugation

Answer

Electrophoresis

Answer

Spectroscopy

Question 56

How do carbohydrates contribute to cellular recognition?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates on the cell surface act as recognition markers, mediating interactions with other cells and molecules.

Answer

They provide the energy for cellular movement.

Answer

They regulate the expression of genes.