Kidneys: Structure, Function, and Urine Formation

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Produce insulin

Answer

Filter waste products from the blood

Answer

Regulate blood pressure

Answer

Balance electrolytes

Question 2

What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation?

Accepted Answer

Nephron

Answer

Glomerulus

Answer

Collecting duct

Answer

Renal pelvis

Question 3

Which of the following processes occurs initially in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Filtration

Answer

Reabsorption

Answer

Secretion

Answer

Concentration

Question 4

Which hormone is responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Renin

Answer

Angiotensin II

Question 5

What is the primary nitrogenous waste product excreted in urine?

Accepted Answer

Urea

Answer

Creatinine

Answer

Ammonia

Answer

Sodium

Question 6

Where is urine temporarily stored within the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Renal pelvis

Answer

Ureter

Answer

Urinary bladder

Answer

Nephron

Question 7

Which primary function is carried out by the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Reabsorbing essential nutrients

Answer

Filtering blood to form urine

Answer

Secreting waste products

Answer

Concentrating urine

Question 8

Which of the following is the smallest functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation?

Accepted Answer

Nephron

Answer

Glomerulus

Answer

Ureter

Answer

Collecting duct

Question 9

What is the primary role of the glomerulus in the process of urine formation?

Accepted Answer

Filter blood to form an ultrafiltrate

Answer

Reabsorb water and electrolytes

Answer

Secrete hormones

Answer

Excrete waste products

Question 10

What is the main function of the proximal convoluted tubule in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Reabsorb essential nutrients and ions from the glomerular filtrate

Answer

Secrete hydrogen ions and organic compounds

Answer

Concentrate urine

Answer

Produce the final urine

Question 11

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Erythropoietin

Answer

Renin

Answer

Aldosterone

Question 12

What is the primary mechanism responsible for concentrating urine in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Countercurrent multiplier system

Answer

Selective reabsorption of ions

Answer

Increased water permeability in the collecting duct

Answer

Decreased blood flow to the kidneys

Question 13

What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus

Answer

Loop of Henle

Answer

Collecting duct

Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 14

Which hormone plays a key role in regulating water reabsorption in the collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer

Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP)

Question 15

What is the major nitrogenous waste product resulting from protein metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Urea

Answer

Creatine

Answer

Ammonia

Answer

Uric acid

Question 16

Which type of electrolyte imbalance may arise from excessive vomiting or diarrhea?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia

Answer

Hypernatremia

Answer

Hypercalcemia

Answer

Hypophosphatemia

Question 17

Which mechanism is primarily used by the kidneys to excrete excess hydrogen ions?

Accepted Answer

Production of ammonia

Answer

Titration with bicarbonate

Answer

Secretion of organic acids

Answer

Excretion of phosphate

Question 18

Which structure secretes renin?

Accepted Answer

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer

Macula densa

Answer

Afferent arteriole

Answer

Collecting duct

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Synthesize essential nutrients

Answer

Filter waste products from the blood

Answer

Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance

Answer

Produce hormones that control blood pressure

Question 20

Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing essential substances and ions, including glucose, amino acids, and sodium?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule

Answer

Glomerulus

Answer

Loop of Henle

Answer

Collecting duct

Question 21

Which hormone stimulates water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, helping to concentrate urine?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Renin

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 22

What is the primary purpose of dialysis?

Accepted Answer

To remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood

Answer

To regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance

Answer

To replace damaged kidneys

Answer

To prevent the need for kidney transplantation

Question 23

What is the surgical procedure called that involves removing a kidney?

Accepted Answer

Nephrectomy

Answer

Lithotripsy

Answer

Dialysis

Answer

Cystoscopy

Question 24

What is the smallest structural and functional unit of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Nephron

Answer

Lobe

Answer

Pyramid

Answer

Calix

Question 25

Which of the following is the initial stage of urine formation?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular filtration

Answer

Reabsorption

Answer

Secretion

Answer

Excretion

Question 26

Which hormone plays a primary role in regulating water reabsorption by the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Answer

Renin

Question 27

Which condition involves the presence of unusually high levels of protein in the urine?

Accepted Answer

Proteinuria

Answer

Oliguria

Answer

Polyuria

Answer

Anuria

Question 28

What is the process by which the kidneys remove metabolic waste products and excess water from the blood?

Accepted Answer

Excretion

Answer

Reabsorption

Answer

Secretion

Answer

Filtration

Question 29

Which of the following blood vessels carries filtered blood away from the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Efferent arteriole

Answer

Renal artery

Answer

Renal vein

Answer

Afferent arteriole

Question 30

What is the name of the functional unit of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Nephron

Answer

Ureter

Answer

Bladder

Answer

Renal pelvis

Question 31

Which hormone regulates the reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts?

Accepted Answer

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Renin

Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 32

What is the primary waste product excreted by the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Urea

Answer

Glucose

Answer

Creatinine

Answer

Sodium

Question 33

What is the primary function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

Accepted Answer

To regulate blood pressure and fluid balance

Answer

To decrease blood pressure

Answer

To regulate blood glucose levels

Answer

To stimulate erythropoiesis

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Hormone production

Answer

Excretion of waste products

Answer

Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance

Answer

Regulation of blood pressure

Question 35

Which of the following is located in the center of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Renal sinus

Answer

Renal pelvis

Answer

Renal capsule

Answer

Renal pyramid

Question 36

Which of the following is the functional unit responsible for urine formation in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Nephron

Answer

Glomerulus

Answer

Ureter

Answer

Renal pelvis

Question 37

What is the primary role of the glomerulus in the process of urine formation?

Accepted Answer

Filters blood, allowing waste products to pass into the renal tubule

Answer

Reabsorbs water and nutrients from the glomerular filtrate

Answer

Secretes ions and other substances into the renal tubule

Answer

Concentrates urine by removing excess water

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a component of the renal tubule?

Accepted Answer

Ureter

Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule

Answer

Loop of Henle

Answer

Collecting duct

Question 39

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating water reabsorption in the collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Insulin

Question 40

Which of the following ions is actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule as part of the urine formation process?

Accepted Answer

Sodium

Answer

Potassium

Answer

Chloride

Answer

Calcium

Question 41

What is the process by which urine is concentrated in the renal medulla?

Accepted Answer

Countercurrent multiplication, which creates a concentration gradient in the medulla

Answer

Tubular secretion, where additional ions are secreted into the collecting duct

Answer

Glomerular filtration, where blood is filtered in the glomerulus

Answer

Active transport, where ions are actively pumped against a concentration gradient

Question 42

Which of the following is a common symptom of acute kidney injury, indicating reduced kidney function?

Accepted Answer

Oliguria, which is abnormally decreased urine output

Answer

Edema, which is fluid retention and swelling

Answer

Hypertension, which is high blood pressure

Answer

Glucosuria, which is the presence of glucose in the urine

Question 43

What is the primary role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, located near the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Regulates blood pressure by releasing renin in response to changes in blood flow

Answer

Filters blood as part of the initial step of urine formation

Answer

Produces hormones involved in fluid and electrolyte balance

Answer

Reabsorbs glucose from the renal tubule

Question 44

What is the main purpose of a creatinine clearance test?

Accepted Answer

To assess kidney function by measuring the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood

Answer

To diagnose urinary tract infections by detecting the presence of bacteria in the urine

Answer

To monitor blood sugar levels by measuring glucose concentration in the blood

Answer

To detect electrolyte imbalances by measuring the levels of various ions in the blood

Question 45

Which of the following is **NOT** a primary function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Production of red blood cells

Answer

Filtration of waste products

Answer

Regulation of blood pressure

Answer

Maintenance of electrolyte balance

Question 46

The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine, is the:

Accepted Answer

Nephron

Answer

Renal pelvis

Answer

Glomerulus

Answer

Renal artery

Question 47

What is the primary force that drives filtration in the glomerulus, pushing fluids and solutes from the blood into the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure

Answer

Active transport

Answer

Osmotic pressure

Answer

Diffusion

Question 48

Which of the following substances is typically **NOT** reabsorbed back into the bloodstream in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Accepted Answer

Creatinine

Answer

Sodium

Answer

Water

Answer

Glucose

Question 49

The hormone that regulates water reabsorption in the collecting duct, influencing urine concentration, is:

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer

Renin

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 50

Which of the following laboratory tests would be most useful in assessing overall kidney function?

Accepted Answer

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine

Answer

Electrolytes

Answer

Liver function tests (LFTs)

Answer

Complete blood count (CBC)

Question 51

A patient with a history of kidney stones should be advised to:

Accepted Answer

Drink plenty of fluids

Answer

Limit calcium intake

Answer

Avoid physical activity

Answer

Take aspirin regularly

Question 52

The kidneys play a vital role in maintaining acid-base balance. What is the primary mechanism they use to achieve this?

Accepted Answer

Reabsorption of bicarbonate ions and excretion of hydrogen ions

Answer

Regulation of blood pressure

Answer

Excretion of potassium ions